repetition test comparing stable isotopic records from 3 cave sites (Cold Water Cave, Cresco, Iowa; Mystery Cave, Wykoff, Minnesota; Spring Valley Cave, Spring Valley, Monnesota), similar stable isotopic signals of the records indicate that they reflect environmental rather than kinetic effects.

modified dental drill with 500 micro meter diameter drill bit, sampling at 1-3 mm intervals

known effects of photosynthesis pathways used by plants on the d13C of soil CO2 and of evaporation on soil water d18O

more positive values of d13C indicate a spread of C4 prairy grasses and decline of C3 forest plants, more positive d18O indicates evaporation of soil water which is stronger in the prairy environment than in the forsest

the position between the ecotone of desiduous forests and prairy

effects of temperature on d18O in rainfall and alterations of the d18O of soil- and ground water due to evaporation

groundwater d18O, d13C of soil CO2 and DIC

Difference between the d13C of soil CO2 in areas with C3 and C4 vegetation

year (MAT8a7fbd7d76): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'climate'

year (MAT8a7fbd7d76): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
year (MAT8a7fbd7d76): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
d18O (SP04DEUS01A): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
d18O (SP04DEUS01A): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
d13C (SP04DEUS01A_d13C): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
d13C (SP04DEUS01A_d13C): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'

d18O (SP04DEUS01A): interpretation1_seasonality: 'annual' has been replaced by 'Annual'
d18O (SP04DEUS01A): interpretation1_variable: 'the position between the ecotone of desiduous forests and prairy' has been replaced by 'deleteMe'
d18O (SP04DEUS01A): interpretation2_seasonality: 'annual' has been replaced by 'Annual'
d18O (SP04DEUS01A): interpretation2_variable: 'P_isotope' has been replaced by 'precipitationIsotope'
d13C (SP04DEUS01A_d13C): interpretation1_seasonality: 'annual' has been replaced by 'Annual'
d13C (SP04DEUS01A_d13C): interpretation1_variable: 'the position between the ecotone of desiduous forests and prairy' has been replaced by 'deleteMe'
d13C (SP04DEUS01A_d13C): interpretation2_seasonality: 'annual' has been replaced by 'Annual'
d13C (SP04DEUS01A_d13C): interpretation2_variable: 'composition C3-C4 plants' has been replaced by 'C3C4Ratio'