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iso2k-1_1_2
archiveType: LakeSediment
originalDataUrl: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/20126
lipdVersion: 1.3
journal: Geophysical Research Letters
volume: 43
pages: 5302-5308
title: A major increase in winter snowfall during the middle Holocene on western Greenland caused by reduced sea ice in Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea
doi: 10.1002/2016GL068513
latitude: 68.6374
longitude: -50.98
elevation: 59
siteName: Lake N3
TSid: WEBddaef138
variableName: depth
units: cm
description: Midpoint depth of sample in core
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEBfb6f4551
variableName: age
units: yr BP
TSid: WEB9a839414
variableName: year
units: yr AD
TSid: WEB69678476
variableName: d2H
units: permil
direction: decrease
scope: climate
seasonality: Annual
seasonalityOriginal: Annual
variable: seasonality
variableDetail: relative amount of winter snowfall
variableGroup: precipitation seasonality
scope: climate
scope: climate
basis: Lake N3 I´2Haq has a >100a€° range during the past 8 kyr, larger than the range of modern seasonal I´2Hprecip in Disko Bugt (Figures 1 and 2a). We interpret these large changes in I´2Haq to indicate changes in precipitation sea- sonality, with Arctic moisture sources contributing to the exceptionally low I´2H values. The magnitude and direc- tion of I´2Haq changes cannot be explained by changes in terrestrial plant contributions of C24 n-alkanoic acids, by Holocene temperature change, or by lake water residence time (Figures S6 and S7 in the supporting information).Lake N3 I´2Haq decreased steadily from !190 to !300a€° from 7.5 to 6 ka, in step with declining sea ice in Disko Bugt (Figures 2a and 2b) [Ouellet-Bernier et al., 2014]. Lake N3 I´2Haq remained low during the middle Holocene, synchronous with minimum regional sea ice. The Labrador Sea, an important moisture source region for wes- tern Greenland [Sodemann et al., 2008], had minimum sea ice cover from 6.5 to 3.5 ka (Figure 2b) [de Vernal et al., 2013]. Furthermore, sea ice reached a minimum in northern Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic from 6 to 3 ka [Ledu et al., 2010; de Vernal et al., 2013], creating a source for moisture that was 2H-depleted compared to mod- ern winter precipitation around Lake N3. Although Baffin Bay still had seasonal sea ice during the middle Holocene, sea ice would have formed later in the year [Markus et al., 2009]. A loss of sea ice during early winter, when evaporation is greatest, can cause large increases in early winter snowfall [Bintanja and Selten, 2014]. Finally, the West Greenland Current was both strong and warm 6 to 4 ka, likely due to an increased contribution of the warm Irminger Current to the West Greenland Current, resulting in regional warmth and providing energy to evaporate more moisture (Figures 2c and 2d) [Perner et al., 2013]. Winter insolation was low during the middle Holocene [Laskar et al., 2004], so there was likely a large contrast between winter air temperature and winter ocean surface temperature. This temperature contrast would cause high evaporation. Thus, we inter- pret the significant middle Holocene depletion of Lake N3 I´2Haq as an increase in winter precipitation, caused by the near total loss of sea ice cover in the Labrador Sea, and the loss of early winter sea ice and increased ocea- nic heat advection in Baffin Bay.
coefficient: NA
direction: positive
fraction: NA
rank: 1
scope: isotope
seasonality: Annual
seasonalityOriginal: Annual
variable: precipitationIsotope
variableDetail: annual amount-weighted precipitation isotopes
variableGroup: P_isotope
variableGroupDirection: positive
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB00087524
variableName: d2H
units: permil
direction: increase
scope: climate
seasonality: Summer
seasonalityOriginal: summer
variable: temperature
variableGroup: air temperature
scope: climate
scope: climate
basis: Our interpretation of Lake N3 I´2Hterr as summer temperature is supported in several ways (Figure 3). First, I´2Hterr exhibits similar centennial-scale patterns during the past ~ 300 years as midge-inferred summer temperature anomalies at North Lake, western Greenland (Figure 3c) [Axford et al., 2013]. Coldest conditions in both records correspond with the Little Ice Age and end with warming in recent decades, a pattern also documented in Disko Bugt [Perner et al., 2013]. Second, the centennial-scale variability in Lake N3 I´2Hterr is remarkably similar to the 4 kyr-long record of annual average surface temperature at Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2), Greenland (r2 = 0.43) [Kobashi et al., 2011] (Figure 3b and Figure S5 in the supporting information), suggesting similar con- trols on late Holocene centennial-scale temperature at these sites, desGIte seasonal and elevation differences.
coefficient: NA
direction: positive
fraction: NA
rank: 1
scope: isotope
seasonality: Jun-Sep
seasonalityOriginal: growing season (June to September)
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
variableDetail: evaporative enrichment of leaf water
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB2bbc35a8
variableName: d2H
units: permil
direction: increase
scope: climate
seasonality: Summer
seasonalityOriginal: summer
variable: temperature
variableGroup: air temperature
scope: climate
scope: climate
basis: Our interpretation of Lake N3 I´2Hterr as summer temperature is supported in several ways (Figure 3). First, I´2Hterr exhibits similar centennial-scale patterns during the past ~ 300 years as midge-inferred summer temperature anomalies at North Lake, western Greenland (Figure 3c) [Axford et al., 2013]. Coldest conditions in both records correspond with the Little Ice Age and end with warming in recent decades, a pattern also documented in Disko Bugt [Perner et al., 2013]. Second, the centennial-scale variability in Lake N3 I´2Hterr is remarkably similar to the 4 kyr-long record of annual average surface temperature at Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2), Greenland (r2 = 0.43) [Kobashi et al., 2011] (Figure 3b and Figure S5 in the supporting information), suggesting similar con- trols on late Holocene centennial-scale temperature at these sites, desGIte seasonal and elevation differences.
coefficient: NA
direction: positive
fraction: NA
rank: 1
scope: isotope
seasonality: Jun-Sep
seasonalityOriginal: growing season (June to September)
variable: precipitationIsotope
variableDetail: Precipitation
variableGroup: P_isotope
variableGroupDirection: positive
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
variableDetail: Evaporative enrichment of leaf water
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB3ccf3cbb
variableName: core
units: unitless
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB08e3980f
variableName: uncertainty1s
units: permil
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEBfd7e019e
variableName: C24n-alkanoicAcid
units: unitless
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB61208225
variableName: uncertainty1s
units: permil
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB956729cc
variableName: C26n-alkanoicAcid
units: unitless
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB63a13e10
variableName: uncertainty1s
units: permil
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB708ebec7
variableName: C28n-alkanoicAcid
units: unitless
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEBa5c8135f
variableName: thickness
units: cm
description: sediment sample thickness
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB4b50a100
variableName: depth
units: cm
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB8dbdecca
variableName: year
units: yr AD
TSid: WEB0b3ff35d
variableName: core
units: unitless
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB4393adc4
variableName: d2H
units: permil
description: C24
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
basis: precipitation seasonality
coefficient: NA
direction: positive
fraction: NA
rank: 1
scope: isotope
seasonality: Annual
variable: precipitationIsotope
variableDetail: precipitaiton
variableGroup: P_isotope
variableGroupDirection: positive
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB8c74d1e5
variableName: uncertainty1s
units: permil
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB2d4dc36c
variableName: C24n-alkanoicAcid
units: unitless
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEBd8987778
variableName: d2H
units: permil
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
direction: positive
fraction: NA
rank: 1
scope: isotope
seasonality: Jun-Sep
seasonalityOriginal: 6,7,8,9
variable: precipitationIsotope
variableDetail: precipitation
variableGroup: P_isotope
variableGroupDirection: positive
coefficient: NA
direction: positive
fraction: NA
rank: 1
scope: isotope
seasonality: Jun-Sep
seasonalityOriginal: 6,7,8,9
variable: evaporation
variableDetail: evaporative enrichment of leaf water
variableGroup: EffectiveMoisture
variableGroupDirection: negative
variableGroupOriginal: evaporation
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB9ec2cc5f
variableName: uncertainty1s
units: permil
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEBc46526e8
variableName: C26n-alkanoicAcid
units: unitless
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB602ccabf
variableName: d2H
units: permil
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
direction: positive
fraction: NA
rank: 1
scope: isotope
seasonality: Jun-Sep
seasonalityOriginal: 6,7,8,9
variable: precipitationIsotope
variableDetail: precipitation
variableGroup: P_isotope
variableGroupDirection: positive
coefficient: NA
direction: positive
fraction: NA
rank: 1
scope: isotope
seasonality: Jun-Sep
seasonalityOriginal: 6,7,8,9
variable: evaporation
variableDetail: evaporative enrichment of leaf water
variableGroup: EffectiveMoisture
variableGroupDirection: negative
variableGroupOriginal: evaporation
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB72118815
variableName: uncertainty1s
units: permil
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB2e38f5d6
variableName: C28n-alkanoicAcid
units: unitless
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB55b0492d
variableName: thickness
units: cm
scope: climate
scope: climate
scope: climate
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope
TSid: WEB118535f9
variableName: Site/Core
units: unitless
TSid: WEBbf662661
variableName: Core Depth
units: cm
description: depth of sample in core
TSid: WEBd5f58bac
variableName: Composite Depth
units: cm
description: composite depth
TSid: WEB5b73fe07
variableName: Lab Number
units: unitless
TSid: WEB379d7a1a
variableName: Material Dated
units: unitless
TSid: WEBf563419f
variableName: Fraction Modern
units: unitless
TSid: WEB034c8ad4
variableName: Fraction Modern Uncertainty
units: unitless
TSid: WEBbb2e87a2
variableName: δ13C
units: per mil, VPDB
TSid: WEBf74f1815
variableName: Radiocarbon Age
units: 14C year BP
TSid: WEBa4e8e7ed
variableName: Radiocarbon Age Uncertainty
units: year
TSid: WEBca65120e
variableName: Core Depth (top)
units: cm
description: composite core depth
TSid: WEBfe8fba29
variableName: Pb-210
units: Bq/g
TSid: WEB3b0baebf
variableName: Precision
units: Bq/g
description: one sigma uncertainty on 210Pb activity
TSid: WEBadf20971
variableName: CRS Modeled Age
units: years BP
TSid: WEB4ca60215
variableName: 2 sigma Age uncertainty
units: years
root
pub
pub1
geo
PaleoData columns
depth (cm) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
age (yr BP) [1-1]
year (yr AD) [1-1]
d2H (permil) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
d2H (permil) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
d2H (permil) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
core (unitless) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
uncertainty1s (permil) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
C24n-alkanoicAcid (unitless) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
uncertainty1s (permil) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
C26n-alkanoicAcid (unitless) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
uncertainty1s (permil) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
C28n-alkanoicAcid (unitless) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
thickness (cm) [1-1]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
depth (cm) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
year (yr AD) [1-2]
core (unitless) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
d2H (permil) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
uncertainty1s (permil) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
C24n-alkanoicAcid (unitless) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
d2H (permil) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
uncertainty1s (permil) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
C26n-alkanoicAcid (unitless) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
d2H (permil) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
uncertainty1s (permil) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
C28n-alkanoicAcid (unitless) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
thickness (cm) [1-2]
interpretation
1
2
3
4
5
6
ChronData columns
Site/Core (unitless) [1-1]
Core Depth (cm) [1-1]
Composite Depth (cm) [1-1]
Lab Number (unitless) [1-1]
Material Dated (unitless) [1-1]
Fraction Modern (unitless) [1-1]
Fraction Modern Uncertainty (unitless) [1-1]
δ13C (per mil, VPDB) [1-1]
Radiocarbon Age (14C year BP) [1-1]
Radiocarbon Age Uncertainty (year) [1-1]
Core Depth (top) (cm) [1-2]
Pb-210 (Bq/g) [1-2]
Precision (Bq/g) [1-2]
CRS Modeled Age (years BP) [1-2]
2 sigma Age uncertainty (years) [1-2]