For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about i¿½20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.
The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bohm et al., 2000b].
Finnigan Mat 252 mass spectrometer with Kiel Device
Archive team- in inferred material, need to differentiate between surface and subsurface water.
; climateInterpretation_seasonality changed - was originally -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; archiveType changed - was originally Sclerosponge (SS)
We conclude that, together with variations in seawater d18O, the pH effect on d18O of carbonates can obscure the temperature signal in the sponge d18O record sufficiently to explain the divergent trends of the Sr/Ca and the oxygen isotope records. These results indicate that for temperature reconstructions using C. nicholsoni skeletons, Sr/Ca is a more robust proxy than d18O.
The d18Owater salinity relation in the Caribbean is on the order of 0.2 to 0.3%/psu [Ruhlemann et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2001]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.
The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].
For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about �20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.
Temperature equation of Bohm et al. [2000]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.
combines new sclerosponge data with Grossman and Ku, 1986 (10.1016/0168-9622(86)90057-6)
For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Boi¿½hm et al., 2002].
Three transects were sampled as a test for reproducibility (Figures 5 and 10b). Correlation between the transects was carried out by following the growth bands of the skeleton. The trends and larger features are well-reproduced in the three transects. However, transect 1 is offset from the other two transects by about 0.1%.
d18O calibration to T assuming constant d18Ow
For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Bo�hm et al., 2002].
; paleoData_variableName changed - was originally Sr_Ca; climateInterpretation_seasonality changed - was originally -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; paleoData_variableName changed - was originally Sr_Ca; archiveType changed - was originally Sclerosponge (SS)
lower limit of 95% ci of difference in Sr/Ca between -20 and -125m, divided by difference in observed T at those depths.
Haase-Schramm 2005, they sample the time interval from 1620 to 1745 A.D. with almost monthly resolution. Bohm 2002 also looks at this sponge but reports d13C.
year (MAT39811b4a7c): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
year (MAT39811b4a7c): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
year (MATb745b71977): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
year (MATb745b71977): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
year (MATccc9872c4c): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
year (MATccc9872c4c): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
year (MATdc531c8775): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
year (MATdc531c8775): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_basis: 'The d18Owater salinity relation in the Caribbean is on the order of 0.2 to 0.3%/psu [Ruhlemann et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2001]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_direction: 'positive' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_equilibriumEvidence: 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_integrationTime: '2to6' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_integrationTimeBasis: 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about �20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertainty: '1-92 years' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'U-Th dating uncertainty' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_integrationTimeUnits: 'year' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_rank: '1' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_variable: 'seawaterIsotope' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_variableGroup: 'EffectiveMoisture' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_variableGroupOriginal: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_basis: 'Temperature equation of Bohm et al. [2000]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_direction: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_equilibriumEvidence: 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_integrationTime: '6-Feb' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_integrationTimeBasis: 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about �20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertainty: '1-92 years' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'U-Th dating uncertainty' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_integrationTimeUnits: 'year' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_rank: '2' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_variable: 'temperature' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_variableGroup: 'Temperature' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_variableGroupOriginal: 'T_water' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_rank: '' has been replaced by '1'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_basis: '' has been replaced by 'The d18Owater salinity relation in the Caribbean is on the order of 0.2 to 0.3%/psu [Ruhlemann et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2001]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_direction: '' has been replaced by 'positive'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_equilibriumEvidence: '' has been replaced by 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '2to6'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about �20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '1-92 years'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'U-Th dating uncertainty'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'year'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_variable: '' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'EffectiveMoisture'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'd18O_seawater'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_basis: '' has been replaced by 'Temperature equation of Bohm et al. [2000]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_direction: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_equilibriumEvidence: '' has been replaced by 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '6-Feb'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about �20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '1-92 years'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'U-Th dating uncertainty'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'year'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_rank: '' has been replaced by '2'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_variable: '' has been replaced by 'temperature'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'Temperature'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'T_water'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation2_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation2_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation3_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_basis: 'The d18Owater salinity relation in the Caribbean is on the order of 0.2 to 0.3%/psu [Ruhlemann et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2001]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_direction: 'positive' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_equilibriumEvidence: 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_integrationTime: '2to6' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_integrationTimeBasis: 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Bo�hm et al., 2002].' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertainty: '1-25 years' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'U-Th dating uncertainty' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_integrationTimeUnits: 'year' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_rank: '1' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_variable: 'seawaterIsotope' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_variableGroup: 'EffectiveMoisture' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_variableGroupOriginal: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_basis: 'Temperature equation of Bohm et al. [2000]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_direction: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_equilibriumEvidence: 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_integrationTime: '6-Feb' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_integrationTimeBasis: 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Bo�hm et al., 2002].' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertainty: '1-25 years' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'U-Th dating uncertainty' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_integrationTimeUnits: 'year' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_rank: '2' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_variable: 'temperature' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_variableGroup: 'Temperature' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_variableGroupOriginal: 'T_water' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_rank: '' has been replaced by '1'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_basis: '' has been replaced by 'The d18Owater salinity relation in the Caribbean is on the order of 0.2 to 0.3%/psu [Ruhlemann et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2001]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_direction: '' has been replaced by 'positive'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_equilibriumEvidence: '' has been replaced by 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '2to6'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Bo�hm et al., 2002].'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '1-25 years'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'U-Th dating uncertainty'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'year'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_variable: '' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'EffectiveMoisture'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'd18O_seawater'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_basis: '' has been replaced by 'Temperature equation of Bohm et al. [2000]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_direction: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_equilibriumEvidence: '' has been replaced by 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '6-Feb'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Bo�hm et al., 2002].'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '1-25 years'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'U-Th dating uncertainty'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'year'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_rank: '' has been replaced by '2'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_variable: '' has been replaced by 'temperature'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'Temperature'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'T_water'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation2_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation2_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation3_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Updated lipdverse database entry with a changed file.
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation1_seasonality: '-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7' has been replaced by 'Aug-Jul'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation1_variable: 'temperature and salinity' has been replaced by 'temperature'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_variable: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_variable: 'T_water' has been replaced by 'temperature'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation1_seasonality: '-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7' has been replaced by 'Aug-Jul'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation1_variable: 'T' has been replaced by 'temperature'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation1_seasonality: '-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7' has been replaced by 'Aug-Jul'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation1_variable: 'temperature and salinity' has been replaced by 'temperature'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_variable: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_variable: 'T_water' has been replaced by 'temperature'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation1_seasonality: '-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7' has been replaced by 'Aug-Jul'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation1_variable: 'T' has been replaced by 'temperature'
Changes made as part of LiPDverse vocabulary standardization process
year (MAT39811b4a7c): paleoData_units: 'AD' has been replaced by 'yr AD'
year (MAT39811b4a7c): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
year (MATb745b71977): paleoData_units: 'AD' has been replaced by 'yr AD'
year (MATb745b71977): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
year (MATccc9872c4c): paleoData_units: 'AD' has been replaced by 'yr AD'
year (MATccc9872c4c): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
year (MATdc531c8775): paleoData_units: 'AD' has been replaced by 'yr AD'
year (MATdc531c8775): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Haase-Schramm, Alexandra , Bohm, Florian , Eisenhauer, Anton , Dullo, Wolf-Christian , Joachimski, Michael M. , Hansen, Bent , Reitner, Joachim
Haase-Schramm, A., Boehm, F., Eisenhauer, A., Dullo, W.-C., Joachimski, M. M., Hansen, B. and Reitner, J.: Sr/Ca ratios and oxygen isotopes from sclerosponges: Temperature history of the Caribbean mixed layer and thermocline during the Little Ice Age, Paleoceanography, 18(3), n/a–n/a, doi:10.1029/2002pa000830, 2003.
Sr/Ca ratios and oxygen isotopes from sclerosponges: Temperature history of the Caribbean mixed layer and thermocline during the Little Ice Age