{ "paleoData": [ { "measurementTable": [ { "googleWorkSheetKey": "owe432y", "tableName": "paleo1measurement1", "missingValue": "NaN", "d18O": { "archiveGenus": "Ceratoporella", "archiveSpecies": "nicholsoni", "chronologyIntegrationTime": "2to6", "chronologyIntegrationTimeBasis": "For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about i¿½20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.", "chronologyIntegrationTimeUncertainty": "1-92 years", "chronologyIntegrationTimeUncertaintyType": "U-Th dating uncertainty", "chronologyIntegrationTimeUnits": "years", "description": "carbonate", "equilibriumEvidence": "The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bohm et al., 2000b].", "hasChron": "1", "hasMaxValue": -0.61, "hasMeanValue": -0.7949, "hasMedianValue": -0.79, "hasMinValue": -0.95, "hasPaleoDepth": "0", "hasTimeTsid": "MATccc9872c4c", "inferredMaterial": "subsurface seawater", "inferredMaterialGroup": "surface water", "inferredMaterialGroupOriginal": "subsurface seawater", "instrument": "Finnigan Mat 252 mass spectrometer with Kiel Device", "iso2kCertification": "KLD (12/31/19); DMT (12/31/19)", "iso2kHackathonNotes": "Archive team- in inferred material, need to differentiate between surface and subsurface water.", "iso2kPrimaryTimeseries": "TRUE", "iso2kUI": "SS03HAJA01A", "isPrimary": false, "longName": "AD", "measurementMaterial": "Sclerosponge", "measurementMaterialDetail": "aragonite", "measurementStandard": "PDB", "measurementTableMD5": "56b16b7e90f2c9348258baaf1e8becd6", "measurementTableName": "measurementTable1", "medianRes12k": "NA", "notes": "; climateInterpretation_seasonality changed - was originally -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; archiveType changed - was originally Sclerosponge (SS)", "pages2kId": "Ocn_149", "pages2kID": "Ocn_149", "paleoDataMD5": "54b69a7f3a1d5da992c41d05a5e7c12d", "paleoDataTableName": "pt1_1", "paleoMeasurementTableMD5": "56b16b7e90f2c9348258baaf1e8becd6", "primaryAgeColumn": false, "proxy": "d18O", "proxyLumps": "isotope", "proxyLumpsOriginal": "d18O", "QCCertification": "KLD (12/31/19); DMT (12/31/19)", "TSid": "Ocean2kHR_126_iso2k", "uncertaintyAnalytical": "�0.07 per mil", "units": "permil", "useInGlobalTemperatureAnalysis": "TRUE", "variableName": "d18O", "variableType": "measured", "values": [-0.91, -0.79, -0.88, -0.82, "NaN", -0.72, -0.77, "NaN", -0.91, "NaN", -0.89, -0.87, -0.85, -0.78, -0.78, -0.89, -0.86, -0.87, -0.78, -0.87, -0.82, -0.82, -0.84, -0.94, -0.84, -0.83, -0.815, -0.87, -0.91, -0.74, -0.87, -0.8, -0.71, -0.68, -0.73, -0.66, -0.68, -0.68, -0.65, -0.95, -0.73, -0.77, -0.61, -0.67, -0.79, -0.68, -0.71, -0.76, -0.78, -0.75, -0.67, -0.76, -0.74, -0.77, -0.79, -0.78, -0.84, -0.72, -0.78, "NaN", -0.775, -0.78, -0.8, -0.78, -0.81, -0.81, -0.745, -0.82, -0.75, -0.84, -0.82, -0.77, -0.76, -0.69, -0.81, -0.73, -0.81, -0.7, "NaN", -0.73, -0.68, "NaN", -0.77, "NaN", -0.81, -0.77, -0.705, -0.73, -0.81, -0.75, -0.81, -0.74, -0.74, -0.68, -0.72, -0.67, -0.74, -0.75, -0.76, -0.77, -0.85, -0.75, -0.73, -0.82, -0.74, -0.81, -0.87, -0.76, -0.84, -0.79, -0.81, -0.86, -0.81, -0.76, -0.87, -0.81, -0.78, "NaN", -0.79, "NaN", -0.88, "NaN", -0.89, "NaN", -0.86, -0.74, -0.85, -0.84, -0.8, -0.83, -0.87, -0.86, -0.82, -0.78, -0.78, -0.82, -0.88, -0.94, -0.87, -0.9, "NaN", -0.91, -0.87, -0.78, -0.85, -0.75, -0.81, -0.78, -0.79, -0.745, -0.78, -0.78, -0.81, -0.8, -0.78, -0.745, -0.715, -0.67, -0.77, -0.77, -0.86, -0.73, -0.83, -0.78, -0.81, -0.73, -0.82, -0.82, -0.85, -0.76, -0.87, -0.76, -0.92, -0.79, -0.83, -0.82, -0.85, -0.81, -0.86, -0.84, -0.84, -0.86, -0.83, -0.84, -0.86, -0.81, -0.85], "mostRecentCompilations": null, "primaryTimeseries": null, "QCnotes": null, "interpretation": [ { "basis": "We conclude that, together with variations in seawater d18O, the pH effect on d18O of carbonates can obscure the temperature signal in the sponge d18O record sufficiently to explain the divergent trends of the Sr/Ca and the oxygen isotope records. These results indicate that for temperature reconstructions using C. nicholsoni skeletons, Sr/Ca is a more robust proxy than d18O.", "direction": "decrease", "interpDirection": "decrease", "scope": "climate", "seasonality": "Aug-Jul", "variable": "temperature", "variableDetail": "20 mbsl", "variableGroup": "temperature and salinity", "dynamical": null }, { "scope": "climate", "basis": null, "direction": null, "seasonality": null, "variable": null, "variableDetail": null }, { "scope": "climate", "basis": null, "direction": null, "seasonality": null, "variable": null, "variableDetail": null }, { "basis": "The d18Owater salinity relation in the Caribbean is on the order of 0.2 to 0.3%/psu [Ruhlemann et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2001]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.", "coefficient": "NA", "direction": "positive", "equilibriumEvidence": "The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].", "fraction": "NA", "inferredMaterial": "seawater", "integrationTime": "2to6", "integrationTimeBasis": "For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about �20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.", "integrationTimeUncertainty": "1-92 years", "integrationTimeUncertaintyType": "U-Th dating uncertainty", "integrationTimeUnits": "year", "mathematicalRelation": "linear", "rank": 1, "scope": "isotope", "variable": "seawaterIsotope", "variableGroup": "EffectiveMoisture", "variableGroupDirection": "negative", "variableGroupOriginal": "d18O_seawater", "seasonality": null }, { "basis": "Temperature equation of Bohm et al. [2000]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.", "coefficient": "NA", "direction": "negative", "equilibriumEvidence": "The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].", "fraction": "NA", "inferredMaterial": "seawater", "integrationTime": "6-Feb", "integrationTimeBasis": "For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about �20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.", "integrationTimeUncertainty": "1-92 years", "integrationTimeUncertaintyType": "U-Th dating uncertainty", "integrationTimeUnits": "year", "mathematicalRelation": "linear", "rank": 2, "scope": "isotope", "variable": "temperature", "variableGroup": "Temperature", "variableGroupDirection": "negative", "variableGroupOriginal": "T_water", "seasonality": null }, { "coefficient": "NA", "fraction": "NA", "rank": "NA", "scope": "isotope", "direction": null, "seasonality": null, "variable": null } ], "calibration": { "equation": "T=20.0-4.42*(d18Oc-d18Ow)", "notes": "combines new sclerosponge data with Grossman and Ku, 1986 (10.1016/0168-9622(86)90057-6)", "reference": "10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00408-1" }, "hasResolution": { "hasMaxValue": 11, "hasMeanValue": 3.4785, "hasMedianValue": 3, "hasMinValue": 1, "units": "AD" }, "inCompilationBeta": [ { "compilationName": "iso2k", "compilationVersion": ["0_14_8", "0_15_0", "1_0_0", "1_0_1", "1_1_0", "1_1_1", "1_1_2"] } ] }, "year": { "dataType": "float", "description": "Year AD", "hasMaxValue": 1991, "hasMeanValue": 1632.738, "hasMedianValue": 1610, "hasMinValue": 1344, "hasTimeTsid": "MATccc9872c4c", "inferredVariableType": "year", "iso2kPrimaryTimeseries": "FALSE", "isPrimary": true, "longName": "AD", "measurementTableMD5": "56b16b7e90f2c9348258baaf1e8becd6", "measurementTableName": "measurementTable1", "medianRes12k": "NA", "paleoDataMD5": "54b69a7f3a1d5da992c41d05a5e7c12d", "paleoDataTableName": "pt1_1", "paleoMeasurementTableMD5": "56b16b7e90f2c9348258baaf1e8becd6", "primaryAgeColumn": true, "TSid": "MATccc9872c4c", "units": "yr AD", "unitsOriginal": "CE", "variableName": "year", "variableType": "inferred", "values": [1991, 1986, 1982, 1976, 1975, 1971, 1967, 1962, 1960, 1957, 1954, 1947, 1940, 1932, 1926, 1921, 1915, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1893, 1888, 1883, 1878, 1873, 1869, 1864, 1860, 1855, 1850, 1845, 1840, 1834, 1830, 1826, 1821, 1817, 1813, 1808, 1805, 1800, 1795, 1784, 1780, 1775, 1770, 1765, 1761, 1756, 1754, 1747, 1744, 1739, 1735, 1730, 1726, 1722, 1718, 1714, 1709, 1705, 1701, 1698, 1694, 1690, 1686, 1682, 1677, 1674, 1671, 1667, 1663, 1660, 1656, 1654, 1650, 1646, 1643, 1642, 1639, 1636, 1634, 1633, 1631, 1630, 1627, 1624, 1622, 1621, 1618, 1616, 1614, 1612, 1610, 1609, 1606, 1605, 1603, 1600, 1597, 1594, 1591, 1589, 1585, 1582, 1580, 1577, 1575, 1572, 1570, 1567, 1565, 1562, 1559, 1555, 1551, 1548, 1547, 1546, 1545, 1544, 1542, 1541, 1539, 1537, 1535, 1532, 1529, 1527, 1524, 1520, 1517, 1514, 1510, 1508, 1505, 1503, 1500, 1496, 1493, 1491, 1490, 1486, 1483, 1480, 1477, 1475, 1472, 1469, 1466, 1463, 1460, 1457, 1454, 1451, 1447, 1445, 1441, 1438, 1436, 1433, 1430, 1427, 1425, 1421, 1418, 1416, 1412, 1409, 1405, 1402, 1399, 1395, 1393, 1390, 1386, 1383, 1380, 1377, 1372, 1369, 1365, 1361, 1356, 1353, 1348, 1344], "hasResolution": { "hasMaxValue": 11, "hasMeanValue": 3.4785, "hasMedianValue": 3, "hasMinValue": 1, "units": "AD" } } } ] }, { "measurementTable": [ { "googleWorkSheetKey": "on3do7l", "tableName": "paleo2measurement1", "missingValue": "NaN", "d18O": { "archiveGenus": "Ceratoporella", "archiveSpecies": "nicholsoni", "chronologyIntegrationTime": "2to6", "chronologyIntegrationTimeBasis": "For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Boi¿½hm et al., 2002].", "chronologyIntegrationTimeUncertainty": "1-25 years", "chronologyIntegrationTimeUncertaintyType": "U-Th dating uncertainty", "chronologyIntegrationTimeUnits": "years", "description": "carbonate", "equilibriumEvidence": "The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bohm et al., 2000b].", "hasChron": "1", "hasMaxValue": -0.23, "hasMeanValue": -0.3624, "hasMedianValue": -0.36, "hasMinValue": -0.54, "hasPaleoDepth": "0", "hasTimeTsid": "MATdc531c8775", "inferredMaterial": "subsurface seawater", "inferredMaterialGroup": "surface water", "inferredMaterialGroupOriginal": "subsurface seawater", "instrument": "Finnigan Mat 252 mass spectrometer with Kiel Device", "iso2kCertification": "KLD (12/31/19); DMT (12/31/19)", "iso2kHackathonNotes": "Archive team- in inferred material, need to differentiate between surface and subsurface water.", "iso2kPrimaryTimeseries": "TRUE", "iso2kUI": "SS03HAJA02A", "isPrimary": false, "longName": "AD", "measurementMaterial": "Sclerosponge", "measurementMaterialDetail": "aragonite", "measurementStandard": "PDB", "measurementTableMD5": "ce11031df26966c6c9acf9b4b108fe72", "measurementTableName": "measurementTable1", "medianRes12k": "NA", "notes": "; climateInterpretation_seasonality changed - was originally -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; archiveType changed - was originally Sclerosponge (SS)", "pages2kId": "Ocn_151", "pages2kID": "Ocn_151", "paleoDataMD5": "2f88fd3db5fc1e9fd0f2e5887694b15f", "paleoDataTableName": "pt2_1", "paleoMeasurementTableMD5": "ce11031df26966c6c9acf9b4b108fe72", "primaryAgeColumn": false, "proxy": "d18O", "proxyLumps": "isotope", "proxyLumpsOriginal": "d18O", "QCCertification": "KLD (12/31/19); DMT (12/31/19)", "TSid": "Ocean2kHR_128_iso2k", "uncertaintyAnalytical": "�0.07 per mil", "uncertaintyReproducibility": "Three transects were sampled as a test for reproducibility (Figures 5 and 10b). Correlation between the transects was carried out by following the growth bands of the skeleton. The trends and larger features are well-reproduced in the three transects. However, transect 1 is offset from the other two transects by about 0.1%.", "units": "permil", "useInGlobalTemperatureAnalysis": "TRUE", "variableName": "d18O", "variableType": "measured", "values": [-0.43, -0.39, -0.42, -0.45, -0.42, "NaN", -0.45, "NaN", -0.37, -0.36, -0.43, -0.33, -0.35, "NaN", -0.42, "NaN", -0.41, -0.44, -0.37, -0.39, -0.36, "NaN", -0.36, -0.34, -0.23, -0.32, -0.48, -0.37, -0.35, -0.3, "NaN", -0.47, -0.49, "NaN", -0.42, -0.3, -0.29, -0.42, -0.32, -0.31, -0.33, -0.28, -0.38, "NaN", -0.41, -0.37, -0.4, -0.46, -0.54, -0.36, -0.44, -0.38, -0.4, -0.27, -0.36, -0.31, -0.4, -0.32, -0.4, -0.42, -0.37, -0.37, -0.43, -0.36, -0.49, -0.4, "NaN", -0.34, -0.29, -0.28, -0.26, -0.23, -0.41, -0.34, -0.28, -0.3, -0.37, -0.25, "NaN", -0.38, -0.43, -0.35, -0.3, -0.34, -0.32, -0.34, -0.31, -0.4, -0.33, -0.43, -0.36, -0.38, -0.24, -0.35, -0.28, -0.45, -0.31, -0.26, -0.36, -0.26, -0.23, -0.41, -0.4, -0.38, -0.27, -0.28, -0.39, -0.32, -0.42, -0.45, "NaN", -0.24, "NaN", -0.39, -0.36, -0.36, -0.33, -0.4, "NaN", -0.39, -0.33, -0.33, -0.33, -0.41, "NaN", -0.39, -0.36, "NaN", -0.4, -0.35, -0.41, -0.36, -0.33], "mostRecentCompilations": null, "primaryTimeseries": null, "QCnotes": null, "interpretation": [ { "basis": "d18O calibration to T assuming constant d18Ow", "direction": "decrease", "interpDirection": "decrease", "scope": "climate", "seasonality": "Aug-Jul", "variable": "temperature", "variableDetail": "125 mbsl", "variableGroup": "temperature and salinity", "dynamical": null }, { "scope": "climate", "basis": null, "direction": null, "seasonality": null, "variable": null, "variableDetail": null }, { "scope": "climate", "basis": null, "direction": null, "seasonality": null, "variable": null, "variableDetail": null }, { "basis": "The d18Owater salinity relation in the Caribbean is on the order of 0.2 to 0.3%/psu [Ruhlemann et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2001]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.", "coefficient": "NA", "direction": "positive", "equilibriumEvidence": "The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].", "fraction": "NA", "inferredMaterial": "seawater", "integrationTime": "2to6", "integrationTimeBasis": "For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Bo�hm et al., 2002].", "integrationTimeUncertainty": "1-25 years", "integrationTimeUncertaintyType": "U-Th dating uncertainty", "integrationTimeUnits": "year", "mathematicalRelation": "linear", "rank": 1, "scope": "isotope", "variable": "seawaterIsotope", "variableGroup": "EffectiveMoisture", "variableGroupDirection": "negative", "variableGroupOriginal": "d18O_seawater", "seasonality": null }, { "basis": "Temperature equation of Bohm et al. [2000]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.", "coefficient": "NA", "direction": "negative", "equilibriumEvidence": "The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].", "fraction": "NA", "inferredMaterial": "seawater", "integrationTime": "6-Feb", "integrationTimeBasis": "For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Bo�hm et al., 2002].", "integrationTimeUncertainty": "1-25 years", "integrationTimeUncertaintyType": "U-Th dating uncertainty", "integrationTimeUnits": "year", "mathematicalRelation": "linear", "rank": 2, "scope": "isotope", "variable": "temperature", "variableGroup": "Temperature", "variableGroupDirection": "negative", "variableGroupOriginal": "T_water", "seasonality": null }, { "coefficient": "NA", "fraction": "NA", "rank": "NA", "scope": "isotope", "direction": null, "seasonality": null, "variable": null } ], "calibration": { "equation": "T=20.0-4.42*(d18Oc-d18Ow)", "notes": "combines new sclerosponge data with Grossman and Ku, 1986 (10.1016/0168-9622(86)90057-6)", "reference": "10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00408-1" }, "hasResolution": { "hasMaxValue": 8, "hasMeanValue": 4.5682, "hasMedianValue": 5, "hasMinValue": 1, 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null }, { "coefficient": "NA", "fraction": "NA", "rank": "NA", "scope": "isotope", "direction": null, "seasonality": null, "variable": null } ], "calibration": { "equation": "Tanomaly=-0.11*Sr/Ca anomaly" }, "hasResolution": { "hasMaxValue": 11, "hasMeanValue": 3.4699, "hasMedianValue": 3, "hasMinValue": 1, "units": "AD" } }, "year": { "dataType": "float", "description": "Year AD", "hasMaxValue": 1991, "hasMeanValue": 1637.375, "hasMedianValue": 1613, "hasMinValue": 1356, "hasTimeTsid": "MAT39811b4a7c", "inferredVariableType": "year", "iso2kPrimaryTimeseries": "FALSE", "isPrimary": true, "longName": "AD", "measurementTableMD5": "79ff214994035ffcab255ec3fbf189c6", "measurementTableName": "measurementTable1", "medianRes12k": "NA", "paleoDataMD5": "f82ef799e973b06245487a609ff7fe1c", "paleoDataTableName": "pt3_1", "paleoMeasurementTableMD5": "79ff214994035ffcab255ec3fbf189c6", "primaryAgeColumn": true, "TSid": "MAT39811b4a7c", "units": "yr AD", "unitsOriginal": "CE", "variableName": 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"hasResolution": { "hasMaxValue": 8, "hasMeanValue": 4.5714, "hasMedianValue": 5, "hasMinValue": 1, "units": "AD" } } } ] } ], "dataSetName": "SS03HAJA", "archiveType": "Sclerosponge", "archiveTypeOriginal": "sclerosponge", "collectionName": "Pb19", "createdBy": "matlab", "dataAcquisitionNotes": "https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=519:1:0::::P1_STUDY_ID:1878", "dataContributor": "CS", "datasetId": "XWP4W5INaUdeS85EEjwA", "datasetVersion": "1.0.6", "googleMetadataWorksheet": "og9ecpj", "googleSpreadSheetKey": "1mSXPdhgd_nQ1L8PNNY43fYXW4euZ8VZRjRjZwOrybwQ", "hasChron": "1", "hasDepth": "0", "hasPaleoDepth": 0, "investigators": "Haase-Schramm", "lipdverseLink": "https://lipdverse.org/data/XWP4W5INaUdeS85EEjwA/1_0_6", "maxYear": 1991, "minYear": 1344, "modernSystem_instrumentalDatasetCoordinates": "18.47, -77.95", "modernSystem_instrumentalDatasetURL": "http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/caribbean/montego_bay_2003.txt", "Notes": "Haase-Schramm 2005, they sample the time interval from 1620 to 1745 A.D. with almost monthly resolution. Bohm 2002 also looks at this sponge but reports d13C.", "nUniqueAges": 14, "nUniqueGoodAges": 0, "nUniqueOtherAges": 0, "originalDataUrl": "https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1878", "originalDataURL": "https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1878", "studyName": "Pedro Bank, Jamaica sclerosponge SrCa", "tagMD5": "ddadaae5451a2ab7ecffd8e24aa741ef", "lipdVersion": 1.3, "changelog": [ { "version": "1.0.6", "lastVersion": "1.0.5", "curator": "nicholas", "timestamp": "2025-04-17 20:05:05.605949 UTC", "changes": { "Paleo Column metadata": [ ["year (MAT39811b4a7c): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'"], ["year (MAT39811b4a7c): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'"], ["year (MATb745b71977): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'"], ["year (MATb745b71977): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'"], ["year (MATccc9872c4c): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'"], ["year (MATccc9872c4c): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'"], ["year (MATdc531c8775): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'"], ["year (MATdc531c8775): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'"] ] } }, { "version": "1.0.5", "lastVersion": "1.0.4", "curator": "nicholas", "timestamp": "2025-04-11 16:27:24.048368 UTC", "changes": { "Paleo Interpretation metadata": [ ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_basis: 'The d18Owater salinity relation in the Caribbean is on the order of 0.2 to 0.3%/psu [Ruhlemann et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2001]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_direction: 'positive' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_equilibriumEvidence: 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_integrationTime: '2to6' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_integrationTimeBasis: 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about �20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertainty: '1-92 years' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'U-Th dating uncertainty' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_integrationTimeUnits: 'year' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_rank: '1' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_variable: 'seawaterIsotope' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_variableGroup: 'EffectiveMoisture' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_variableGroupOriginal: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_basis: 'Temperature equation of Bohm et al. [2000]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_direction: 'negative' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_equilibriumEvidence: 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_integrationTime: '6-Feb' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_integrationTimeBasis: 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about �20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertainty: '1-92 years' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'U-Th dating uncertainty' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_integrationTimeUnits: 'year' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_rank: '2' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_variable: 'temperature' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_variableGroup: 'Temperature' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_variableGroupOriginal: 'T_water' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_rank: '' has been replaced by '1'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_basis: '' has been replaced by 'The d18Owater salinity relation in the Caribbean is on the order of 0.2 to 0.3%/psu [Ruhlemann et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2001]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_direction: '' has been replaced by 'positive'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_equilibriumEvidence: '' has been replaced by 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '2to6'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about �20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '1-92 years'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'U-Th dating uncertainty'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'year'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_variable: '' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'EffectiveMoisture'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation4_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'd18O_seawater'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_basis: '' has been replaced by 'Temperature equation of Bohm et al. [2000]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_direction: '' has been replaced by 'negative'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_equilibriumEvidence: '' has been replaced by 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '6-Feb'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 11 samples were anayzed for U-Th. The external reproducibility of the U/Th dating results was determined as about �20 years (2sem) by five replicate analyses of sample Ce96-40 and confirmed by analysis of three closely spaced sample pairs (Ce96-45/51, Ce96-170/172, Ce96-123/40). For one sample pair (Ce96-184/186) U/Th ages could not be confirmed within external reproducibility. As the age data of this specimen deviate significantly from a linear growth curve, we fitted a third order polynomial to the U/Th ages.'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '1-92 years'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'U-Th dating uncertainty'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'year'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_rank: '' has been replaced by '2'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_variable: '' has been replaced by 'temperature'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'Temperature'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation5_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'T_water'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation2_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation2_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation3_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_basis: 'The d18Owater salinity relation in the Caribbean is on the order of 0.2 to 0.3%/psu [Ruhlemann et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2001]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_direction: 'positive' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_equilibriumEvidence: 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_integrationTime: '2to6' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_integrationTimeBasis: 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Bo�hm et al., 2002].' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertainty: '1-25 years' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'U-Th dating uncertainty' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_integrationTimeUnits: 'year' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_rank: '1' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_variable: 'seawaterIsotope' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_variableGroup: 'EffectiveMoisture' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_variableGroupOriginal: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_basis: 'Temperature equation of Bohm et al. [2000]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_direction: 'negative' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_equilibriumEvidence: 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_integrationTime: '6-Feb' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_integrationTimeBasis: 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Bo�hm et al., 2002].' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertainty: '1-25 years' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'U-Th dating uncertainty' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_integrationTimeUnits: 'year' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_rank: '2' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_variable: 'temperature' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_variableGroup: 'Temperature' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_variableGroupOriginal: 'T_water' has been replaced by ''"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_rank: '' has been replaced by '1'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_basis: '' has been replaced by 'The d18Owater salinity relation in the Caribbean is on the order of 0.2 to 0.3%/psu [Ruhlemann et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2001]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_direction: '' has been replaced by 'positive'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_equilibriumEvidence: '' has been replaced by 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '2to6'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Bo�hm et al., 2002].'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '1-25 years'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'U-Th dating uncertainty'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'year'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_variable: '' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'EffectiveMoisture'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation4_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'd18O_seawater'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_basis: '' has been replaced by 'Temperature equation of Bohm et al. [2000]. Oxygen isotope records of these sponges do notreveal reproducible temperature signals. Variations in thed18O of the ambient water and the pH effect on the oxygenisotopic composition of carbonates [Zeebe, 1999] mayobscure temperature signals in thed18O records.'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_direction: '' has been replaced by 'negative'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_equilibriumEvidence: '' has been replaced by 'The observation that sponges precipitate aragonite in chemical and isotopic equilibrium indicates that the composition of the precipitating fluid is hardly influenced by the sponge metabolism. Thus pH changes in the ambient seawater may be directly monitored by the d18O record of the sponge aragonite. This hypothesis is supported by the boron isotopic composition of sponge skeletons, which indicates mineralization under seawater pH conditions [Bo�hm et al., 2000b].'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '6-Feb'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'For U-Th analysis, 0.3 to 1g of sponge material was drilled along visible growth layers. The sample size was chosen so that the width and depth of the sampling groove was equivalent to a period of about 20 years, given a growth rate on the order of 0.2 mm/a. 4 samples were anayzed for U-Th. 10 samples for radiocarbon analysis were removed. They compared D14C data with a D14C curve measured on a Florida surface water coral [Druffel, 1989]. The fit was constrained by assuming that the growth rate was constant in the relevant part of the sponge skeleton. They further assume that the timing of the radiocarbon increase at 125 mbsl was similar to surface waters in that region because the amplitude of change in D14C is similar to the surface water change. For specimen Pb19 a mean growth rate of 0.19 mm/a was calculated from the slope of a linear fit to the dated tie points. A lifespan from about 1400 A.D. to 1996 A.D. was determined by extrapolating the mean growth rate to the base of the skeleton. The U/Th chronology is independently confirmed by the correct localization of the nuclear weapon test radiocarbon increase at a depth of about 5.9 mm below the surface of the skeleton (Figure 6, Table 2). Further independent support for the reliability of our chronologies is provided from the fit of d13C data of the investigated sponge skeletons and atmospheric CO2 records [Bo�hm et al., 2002].'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '1-25 years'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'U-Th dating uncertainty'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'year'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_rank: '' has been replaced by '2'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_variable: '' has been replaced by 'temperature'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'Temperature'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation5_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'T_water'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation2_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation2_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation3_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'"] ] } }, { "version": "1.0.4", "lastVersion": "1.0.3", "curator": "nicholas", "timestamp": "2025-04-09 21:54:37.011194 UTC", "notes": "Updated lipdverse database entry with a changed file.", "changes": { "Paleo Interpretation metadata": [ ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation1_seasonality: '-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7' has been replaced by 'Aug-Jul'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation1_variable: 'temperature and salinity' has been replaced by 'temperature'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_variable: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation3_variable: 'T_water' has been replaced by 'temperature'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation1_seasonality: '-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7' has been replaced by 'Aug-Jul'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): interpretation1_variable: 'T' has been replaced by 'temperature'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation1_seasonality: '-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7' has been replaced by 'Aug-Jul'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation1_variable: 'temperature and salinity' has been replaced by 'temperature'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation2_variable: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): interpretation3_variable: 'T_water' has been replaced by 'temperature'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation1_seasonality: '-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7' has been replaced by 'Aug-Jul'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_129): interpretation1_variable: 'T' has been replaced by 'temperature'"] ] } }, { "version": "1.0.3", "lastVersion": "1.0.2", "curator": "nicholas", "timestamp": "2025-04-09 20:28:04.845158 UTC", "notes": "Changes made as part of LiPDverse vocabulary standardization process", "changes": { "Paleo Interpretation metadata": [ ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation1_seasonality: '-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7' has been replaced by 'Aug-Jul'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation1_variable: 'temperature and salinity' has been replaced by 'temperature'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): interpretation2_variable: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): 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"curator": "nicholas", "timestamp": "2025-04-08 17:34:53.949976 UTC", "notes": "Changes made as part of LiPDverse vocabulary standardization process", "changes": { "Paleo Column metadata": [ ["year (MAT39811b4a7c): paleoData_units: 'AD' has been replaced by 'yr AD'"], ["year (MAT39811b4a7c): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'"], ["year (MATb745b71977): paleoData_units: 'AD' has been replaced by 'yr AD'"], ["year (MATb745b71977): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'"], ["year (MATccc9872c4c): paleoData_units: 'AD' has been replaced by 'yr AD'"], ["year (MATccc9872c4c): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'"], ["year (MATdc531c8775): paleoData_units: 'AD' has been replaced by 'yr AD'"], ["year (MATdc531c8775): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_126): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'"], ["Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_127): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'"], ["d18O (Ocean2kHR_128): 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"Haase-Schramm, Alexandra , Bohm, Florian , Eisenhauer, Anton , Dullo, Wolf-Christian , Joachimski, Michael M. , Hansen, Bent , Reitner, Joachim" }, "citation": "Haase-Schramm, A., Boehm, F., Eisenhauer, A., Dullo, W.-C., Joachimski, M. M., Hansen, B. and Reitner, J.: Sr/Ca ratios and oxygen isotopes from sclerosponges: Temperature history of the Caribbean mixed layer and thermocline during the Little Ice Age, Paleoceanography, 18(3), n/a–n/a, doi:10.1029/2002pa000830, 2003.", "citeKey": "haase2003sr", "dataUrl": "doi.org", "doi": "10.1029/2002PA000830", "issue": 3, "journal": "Paleoceanography", "pages": "n/a-n/a", "publisher": "Wiley-Blackwell", "title": "Sr/Ca ratios and oxygen isotopes from sclerosponges: Temperature history of the Caribbean mixed layer and thermocline during the Little Ice Age", "type": "journal-article", "volume": 18, "year": 2003 }, { "author": { "name": "Haase-Schramm, A." }, "institution": "World Data Center for Paleoclimatology", "title": "Ocean2kHR-AtlanticPedroBankHaaseSchramm2003", "type": "dataCitation", "url": "https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1878", "citation": null, "doi": null } ], "geo": { "longitude": -77.95, "latitude": 18.47, "elevation": -20, "geometryType": "Point", "ocean": "Atlantic", "pages2kRegion": "Ocean", "siteName": "Montego Bay, Jamaica" }, "@context": "context.jsonld" }