Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.
~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology
Thermo-Finnigan MAT253 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS), with a Kiel IV Carbonate Device, and on a Thermo-Finnigan Delta V Plus IRMS with Gasbench II (GB II) connected to a Conflo IV, both at the Analytical Laboratory for Paleoclimate Studies (ALPS) at the Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin. The precision of the Kiel IV/MAT253 IRMS for samples in this study is 0.05? for d18O and 0.03? for d13C (1s), as estimated via multiple analyses of a carbonate standard (n = 224), which is consistent with longterm precision for this instrument of 0.06? for d18O and 0.03? for d13C. The precision of the GB II/Delta V Plus IRMS is 0.07? for d18O and 0.03? for d13C (1s), as estimated via multiple analyses of the same carbonate standard (n = 25), which is consistent with long-term precision for this instrument of 0.07? for d18O and 0.03? for d13C. Replicate coral samples analyzed on both mass spectrometers yield similar results (mean difference = 0.03? for d18O and 0.12? for d13C; n = 35).
Yes, results are only reported to a depth of 200 cm as a result of diagenetic alteration at the bottom of the core, which is visible as dark patches in the Xradiographs and large excursions, as well as the lack of an annual cycle in the geochemical time series.
; climateInterpretation_seasonality changed - was originally monthly; archiveType changed - was originally Coral (CO)
We develop and test a transfer function constructed using linear regression analysis of SBV coral d18Oanomaly variations and instrumental SSS over the period 1970?2007 CE [Thirumalai et al., 2011]. We performed a calibration-verification exercise (Figure 6) between d18Oanomaly and SSS at SBV to assess the robustness of the transfer function [Quinn and Sampson, 2002]. The slopes in equations (1)?(3) are within error of each other; however, the intercepts are slightly different. Despite this small difference, the similarity of the lines (Figure S2) provides confidence that the transfer function developed in this study can be used to reconstruct past changes in salinity at this locality based on coral d18O variations. We also note that there is a signal in the residuals, which likely reflects a small temperature component in the coral d18O anomaly signal (Figure 6, bottom), most likely due to the small changes in seasonality over this time period (Figure 4c).
We found that the correlations with d18O are 0.72 (with total pseudocoral), 0.47 (with SST component), and 0.68 (with SSS component), p < 0.01 for all three (Figure S1), indicating that SSS changes represent a larger fraction of the variance in the coral d18Oanomaly signal than SST changes, as expected from the larger magnitude of interannual SSS variations at this site. Testing several different percent contributions of SSS and SST to create the pseudocoral, we determined that a combination of 35% SST and 65% SSS results in the closest representation to the observed coral d18Oanomaly values. This was calculated by creating a pseudocoral that consisted of percent SST/SSS contributions that ranged from 100/0% to 0/100%, in increments of 5% (i.e., 100/0, 95/5, 90/10a€¦ 5/95, 0/100). The pseudocoral consisting of 35/65% gave the highest correlation with the measured d18O time series, which provides the percent contributions of SST and SSS to the time series. This relationship was determined over the period 1970a€“2007, and is limited by the length of the instrumental SSS data set. We assume stationarity in the proportional contributions of SST and SSS to the coral d18O signal because SSS data needed to evaluate this assumption are lacking in the pre- 1970 period. However, the assumption of stationarity of a proxy-instrumental relationship developed over the instrumental time period affects all proxy-based climate reconstructions that extend beyond the instrumental period. Thus, lacking additional instrument data and/or another independent SST- or SSS-only proxy there is no easy way to reduce the uncertainty of the empirically derived proxy relationship over the calibration-verification interval.
; archiveType changed - was originally Coral (CO)
This study used two cores from the same colony but give data for the colony only
year (MAT0c27f07718): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
year (MAT0c27f07718): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
year (MAT0c27f07718): interpretation1_scope: '' has been replaced by 'climate'
year (MAT0c27f07718): interpretation2_scope: '' has been replaced by 'climate'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_basis: 'We develop and test a transfer function constructed using linear regression analysis of SBV coral d18Oanomaly variations and instrumental SSS over the period 1970?2007 CE [Thirumalai et al., 2011]. We performed a calibration-verification exercise (Figure 6) between d18Oanomaly and SSS at SBV to assess the robustness of the transfer function [Quinn and Sampson, 2002]. The slopes in equations (1)?(3) are within error of each other; however, the intercepts are slightly different. Despite this small difference, the similarity of the lines (Figure S2) provides confidence that the transfer function developed in this study can be used to reconstruct past changes in salinity at this locality based on coral d18O variations. We also note that there is a signal in the residuals, which likely reflects a small temperature component in the coral d18O anomaly signal (Figure 6, bottom), most likely due to the small changes in seasonality over this time period (Figure 4c).' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_coefficient: '1.973' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_direction: 'positive' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_integrationTime: '1' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_integrationTimeBasis: 'Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertainty: '~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'chronological' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_integrationTimeUnits: 'month' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_rank: '1' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_seasonality: 'subannual' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_variable: 'seawaterIsotope' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_variableGroup: 'EffectiveMoisture' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_variableGroupOriginal: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_basis: 'We found that the correlations with d18O are 0.72 (with total pseudocoral), 0.47 (with SST component), and 0.68 (with SSS component), p < 0.01 for all three (Figure S1), indicating that SSS changes represent a larger fraction of the variance in the coral d18Oanomaly signal than SST changes, as expected from the larger magnitude of interannual SSS variations at this site. Testing several different percent contributions of SSS and SST to create the pseudocoral, we determined that a combination of 35% SST and 65% SSS results in the closest representation to the observed coral d18Oanomaly values. This was calculated by creating a pseudocoral that consisted of percent SST/SSS contributions that ranged from 100/0% to 0/100%, in increments of 5% (i.e., 100/0, 95/5, 90/10a€¦ 5/95, 0/100). The pseudocoral consisting of 35/65% gave the highest correlation with the measured d18O time series, which provides the percent contributions of SST and SSS to the time series. This relationship was determined over the period 1970a€“2007, and is limited by the length of the instrumental SSS data set. We assume stationarity in the proportional contributions of SST and SSS to the coral d18O signal because SSS data needed to evaluate this assumption are lacking in the pre- 1970 period. However, the assumption of stationarity of a proxy-instrumental relationship developed over the instrumental time period affects all proxy-based climate reconstructions that extend beyond the instrumental period. Thus, lacking additional instrument data and/or another independent SST- or SSS-only proxy there is no easy way to reduce the uncertainty of the empirically derived proxy relationship over the calibration-verification interval.' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_direction: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_fraction: '0.22' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_integrationTime: '1' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_integrationTimeBasis: 'Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertainty: '~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'chronological' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_integrationTimeUnits: 'month' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_rank: '2' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_variable: 'temperature' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_variableGroup: 'Temperature' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_variableGroupOriginal: 'T_water' has been replaced by ''
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_basis: '' has been replaced by 'We develop and test a transfer function constructed using linear regression analysis of SBV coral d18Oanomaly variations and instrumental SSS over the period 1970?2007 CE [Thirumalai et al., 2011]. We performed a calibration-verification exercise (Figure 6) between d18Oanomaly and SSS at SBV to assess the robustness of the transfer function [Quinn and Sampson, 2002]. The slopes in equations (1)?(3) are within error of each other; however, the intercepts are slightly different. Despite this small difference, the similarity of the lines (Figure S2) provides confidence that the transfer function developed in this study can be used to reconstruct past changes in salinity at this locality based on coral d18O variations. We also note that there is a signal in the residuals, which likely reflects a small temperature component in the coral d18O anomaly signal (Figure 6, bottom), most likely due to the small changes in seasonality over this time period (Figure 4c).'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_coefficient: '' has been replaced by '1.973'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_direction: '' has been replaced by 'positive'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '1'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'chronological'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'month'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_rank: '' has been replaced by '1'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_seasonality: '' has been replaced by 'subannual'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_variable: '' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'EffectiveMoisture'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'd18O_seawater'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_basis: '' has been replaced by 'We found that the correlations with d18O are 0.72 (with total pseudocoral), 0.47 (with SST component), and 0.68 (with SSS component), p < 0.01 for all three (Figure S1), indicating that SSS changes represent a larger fraction of the variance in the coral d18Oanomaly signal than SST changes, as expected from the larger magnitude of interannual SSS variations at this site. Testing several different percent contributions of SSS and SST to create the pseudocoral, we determined that a combination of 35% SST and 65% SSS results in the closest representation to the observed coral d18Oanomaly values. This was calculated by creating a pseudocoral that consisted of percent SST/SSS contributions that ranged from 100/0% to 0/100%, in increments of 5% (i.e., 100/0, 95/5, 90/10a€¦ 5/95, 0/100). The pseudocoral consisting of 35/65% gave the highest correlation with the measured d18O time series, which provides the percent contributions of SST and SSS to the time series. This relationship was determined over the period 1970a€“2007, and is limited by the length of the instrumental SSS data set. We assume stationarity in the proportional contributions of SST and SSS to the coral d18O signal because SSS data needed to evaluate this assumption are lacking in the pre- 1970 period. However, the assumption of stationarity of a proxy-instrumental relationship developed over the instrumental time period affects all proxy-based climate reconstructions that extend beyond the instrumental period. Thus, lacking additional instrument data and/or another independent SST- or SSS-only proxy there is no easy way to reduce the uncertainty of the empirically derived proxy relationship over the calibration-verification interval.'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_direction: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_fraction: '' has been replaced by '0.22'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '1'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'chronological'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'month'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_rank: '' has been replaced by '2'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_variable: '' has been replaced by 'temperature'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'Temperature'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'T_water'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation1_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation1_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation2_scope: '' has been replaced by 'climate'
d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'climate'
d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Updated lipdverse database entry with a changed file.
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation1_seasonality: 'not applicable (subannually resolved)' has been replaced by 'subannual'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation1_variable: 'temperature and salinity' has been replaced by 'temperature'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_variable: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_variable: 'T_water' has been replaced by 'temperature'
Changes made as part of LiPDverse vocabulary standardization process
year (MAT0c27f07718): paleoData_units: 'AD' has been replaced by 'yr AD'
year (MAT0c27f07718): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
Gorman, Meaghan K. , Quinn, Terrence M. , Taylor, Frederick W. , Partin, Judson W. , Cabioch, Guy , Austin, James A. , Pelletier, Bernard , Ballu, Vali¿½rie , Maes, Christophe , Saustrup, Steffen
Gorman, M. K., Quinn, T. M., Taylor, F. W., Partin, J. W., Cabioch, G., Austin, J. A., Pelletier, B., Ballu, V., Maes, C. and Saustrup, S.: A coral-based reconstruction of sea surface salinity at Sabine Bank, Vanuatu from 1842 to 2007 CE, Paleoceanography, 27(3), n/a–n/a, doi:10.1029/2012pa002302, 2012.
A coral-based reconstruction of sea surface salinity at Sabine Bank, Vanuatu from 1842 to 2007 CE
Tierney, Jessica E. , Abram, Nerilie J. , Anchukaitis, Kevin J. , Evans, Michael N. , Giry, Cyril , Kilbourne, K. Halimeda , Saenger, Casey P. , Wu, Henry C. , Zinke, Jens
Tierney, J. E., Abram, N. J., Anchukaitis, K. J., Evans, M. N., Giry, C., Kilbourne, K. H., Saenger, C. P., Wu, H. C. and Zinke, J.: Tropical sea surface temperatures for the past four centuries reconstructed from coral archives, Paleoceanography, 30(3), 226–252, doi:10.1002/2014pa002717, 2015.