paleo data:
  measurement table:
    google work sheet key: o3qcsve
    table name: paleo1measurement1
    missing value: NaN
    d18 o:
      archive genus: Porites
      archive species: lutea
      chronology integration time: 1
      chronology integration time basis: Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.
      chronology integration time uncertainty: ~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology
      chronology integration time uncertainty type: chronological
      chronology integration time units: month
      description: carbonate
      has chron: 0
      has max value: -4.0983
      has mean value: -4.8094
      has median value: -4.8147
      has min value: -5.5175
      has paleo depth: 0
      has time tsid: MAT0c27f07718
      in compilation: Ocean2k_v1.0.0 | PAGES2k_v1.12.0
      inferred material: surface seawater
      inferred material group: surface water
      inferred material group original: surface seawater
      instrument: Thermo-Finnigan MAT253 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS), with a Kiel IV Carbonate Device, and on a Thermo-Finnigan Delta V Plus IRMS with Gasbench II (GB II) connected to a Conflo IV, both at the Analytical Laboratory for Paleoclimate Studies (ALPS) at the Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin. The precision of the Kiel IV/MAT253 IRMS for samples in this study is 0.05? for d18O and 0.03? for d13C (1s), as estimated via multiple analyses of a carbonate standard (n = 224), which is consistent with longterm precision for this instrument of 0.06? for d18O and 0.03? for d13C. The precision of the GB II/Delta V Plus IRMS is 0.07? for d18O and 0.03? for d13C (1s), as estimated via multiple analyses of the same carbonate standard (n = 25), which is consistent with long-term precision for this instrument of 0.07? for d18O and 0.03? for d13C. Replicate coral samples analyzed on both mass spectrometers yield similar results (mean difference = 0.03? for d18O and 0.12? for d13C; n = 35).
      iso2k certification: DMT (1/14/19)
      iso2k primary timeseries: TRUE
      iso2k UI: CO12GOVA01A
      is primary: false
      long name: AD
      measurement material: coral
      measurement material detail: aragonite
      measurement material screening: Yes, results are only reported to a depth of 200 cm as a result of diagenetic alteration at the bottom of the core, which is visible as dark patches in the Xradiographs and large excursions, as well as the lack of an annual cycle in the geochemical time series.
      measurement standard: VPDB
      measurement table name: measurementTable1
      median res12k: NA
      notes: ; climateInterpretation_seasonality changed - was originally monthly; archiveType changed - was originally Coral (CO)
      ocean2k ID: PacificGorman2012Vanuatu
      pages2k id: Ocn_123
      pages2k ID: Ocn_123
      paleo data table name: pt1_1
      primary age column: false
      proxy: d18O
      proxy lumps: isotope
      proxy lumps original: d18O
      QC certification: DMT (1/14/19)
      t sid: Ocean2kHR_154_iso2k
      uncertainty analytical: 0.05? (1s)
      units: permil
      use in global temperature analysis: TRUE
      variable name: d18O
      variable type: measured
      values: -4.93
      values: -5.0847
      values: -5.1556
      values: -5.1751
      values: -5.1925
      values: -5.3673
      values: -5.3262
      values: -5.2749
      values: -5.0821
      values: -4.9464
      values: -4.8233
      values: -4.878
      values: -4.8915
      values: -4.9089
      values: -4.8957
      values: -4.8062
      values: -4.9689
      values: -5.2465
      values: -5.3931
      values: -5.254
      values: -5.2449
      values: -5.1301
      values: -5.0364
      values: -4.7651
      values: -4.6675
      values: -4.8625
      values: -5.0912
      values: -5.2175
      values: -5.3563
      values: -5.42
      values: -5.4237
      values: -5.1612
      values: -4.95
    year:
      data type: float
      description: Year AD
      has max value: 2007.625
      has mean value: 1925.125
      has median value: 1925.125
      has min value: 1842.625
      has time tsid: MAT0c27f07718
      inferred variable type: year
      iso2k primary timeseries: FALSE
      is primary: true
      long name: AD
      measurement table name: measurementTable1
      median res12k: NA
      paleo data table name: pt1_1
      primary age column: true
      t sid: MAT0c27f07718
      units: yr AD
      units original: CE
      variable name: year
      variable type: inferred
      values: 2007.625
      values: 2007.5417
      values: 2007.4583
      values: 2007.375
      values: 2007.2917
      values: 2007.2083
      values: 2007.125
      values: 2007.0417
      values: 2006.9583
      values: 2006.875
      values: 2006.7917
      values: 2006.7083
      values: 2006.625
      values: 2006.5417
      values: 2006.4583
      values: 2006.375
      values: 2006.2917
      values: 2006.2083
      values: 2006.125
      values: 2006.0417
      values: 2005.9583
      values: 2005.875
      values: 2005.7917
      values: 2005.7083
      values: 2005.625
      values: 2005.5417
      values: 2005.4583
      values: 2005.375
      values: 2005.2917
      values: 2005.2083
      values: 2005.125
      values: 2005.0417
      values: 2004.9583
      values: 2004.875
      values: 2004.7917
      values: 2004.7083
      values: 2004.625
      values: 2004.5417
      values: 2004.4583
      values: 2004.375
      values: 2004.2917
      values: 2004.2083
      values: 2004.125
      values: 2004.0417
      values: 2003.9583
      values: 2003.875
      values: 2003.7917
      values: 2003.7083
      values: 2003.625
      values: 2003.5417
      values: 2003.4583
      values: 2003.375
      values: 2003.2917
      values: 2003.2083
      values: 2003.125
      values: 2003.0417
      values: 2002.9583
      values: 2002.875
      values: 2002.7917
      values: 2002.7083
    d13 c:
      archive genus: Porites
      archive species: lutea
      description: carbonate
      has chron: 0
      has max value: -0.1307
      has mean value: -1.1701
      has median value: -1.1567
      has min value: -2.3416
      has paleo depth: 0
      has time tsid: MAT0c27f07718
      inferred material: surface seawater
      inferred material group: surface water
      inferred material group original: surface seawater
      iso2k certification: DMT (1/14/19)
      iso2k primary timeseries: FALSE
      is primary: false
      long name: AD
      measurement material: coral
      measurement table name: measurementTable1
      median res12k: NA
      notes: ; archiveType changed - was originally Coral (CO)
      paleo data table name: pt1_1
      primary age column: false
      proxy: d13C
      proxy lumps: isotope
      proxy lumps original: d13C
      QC certification: DMT (1/14/19)
      q cnotes: d13C: not SST sensitive
      t sid: Ocean2kHR_155_iso2k
      units: permil
      use in global temperature analysis: FALSE
      variable name: d13C
      values: -2.07
      values: -2.3416
      values: -2.3094
      values: -2.0917
      values: -2.0057
      values: -2.043
      values: -1.896
      values: -2.0172
      values: -2.2386
      values: -2.1048
      values: -1.9212
      values: -1.8188
      values: -1.3265
      values: -1.222
      values: -1.0995
      values: -1.241
      values: -1.6026
      values: -1.8895
      values: -1.8063
      values: -1.5304
      values: -1.82
      values: -2.2383
      values: -2.2813
      values: -2.0095
      values: -1.9152
      values: -2.12
      values: -2.1875
      values: -2.2037
      values: -2.1587
      values: -1.9763
      values: -1.8275
      values: -2.0213
      values: -1.67
      values: -1.75
      values: -1.945
      values: -1.9325
      values: -1.8569
      values: -1.875
      values: -1.8506
      values: -1.6977
      values: -1.5833
      values: -1.5232
      values: -1.71
      values: -1.9365
      values: -2.0567
      values: -2.1222
      values: -2.123
      values: -1.9675
data set name: CO12GOVA
archive type: Coral
archive type original: coral
collection name: 06SB-A1, 07SB-A2
created by: matlab
data acquisition notes: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f
data contributor: MNE, CS
dataset id: 6iQeJsjOAoS8QW2JSoeT
dataset version: 1.0.5
google metadata worksheet: owleagp
has chron: 0
has depth: 0
has paleo depth: 0
investigators: Gorman, M.K. | Ocean2k
lipdverse link: https://lipdverse.org/data/6iQeJsjOAoS8QW2JSoeT/1_0_5
max year: 2007.625
min year: 1842.625
modern system instrumental dataset coordinates: -15.94,166.07
modern system instrumental dataset URL: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/gorman2012.txt
notes: This study used two cores from the same colony but give data for the colony only
n unique ages: 0
n unique good ages: 0
n unique other ages: 0
original data url: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13439
original data URL: http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f, ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/gorman2012.txt, ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/gorman2012-rawdata.txt
study name: Gorman2012_Vanuatu
lipd version: 1.3
pub: A coral-based reconstruction of sea surface salinity at Sabine Bank, Vanuatu from 1842 to 2007 CE
pub: Ocean2kHR-PacificGorman2012Vanuatu

direction: decrease
interp direction: decrease
scope: climate
seasonality: subannual
variable: temperature
variable detail: sea surface
variable group: temperature and salinity

scope: climate

scope: climate

basis: We develop and test a transfer function constructed using linear regression analysis of SBV coral d18Oanomaly variations and instrumental SSS over the period 1970?2007 CE [Thirumalai et al., 2011]. We performed a calibration-verification exercise (Figure 6) between d18Oanomaly and SSS at SBV to assess the robustness of the transfer function [Quinn and Sampson, 2002]. The slopes in equations (1)?(3) are within error of each other; however, the intercepts are slightly different. Despite this small difference, the similarity of the lines (Figure S2) provides confidence that the transfer function developed in this study can be used to reconstruct past changes in salinity at this locality based on coral d18O variations. We also note that there is a signal in the residuals, which likely reflects a small temperature component in the coral d18O anomaly signal (Figure 6, bottom), most likely due to the small changes in seasonality over this time period (Figure 4c).
coefficient: 1.973
direction: positive
fraction: NA
inferred material: seawater
integration time: 1
integration time basis: Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.
integration time uncertainty: ~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology
integration time uncertainty type: chronological
integration time units: month
mathematical relation: linear
rank: 1
scope: isotope
seasonality: subannual
variable: seawaterIsotope
variable group: EffectiveMoisture
variable group direction: negative
variable group original: d18O_seawater

basis: We found that the correlations with d18O are 0.72 (with total pseudocoral), 0.47 (with SST component), and 0.68 (with SSS component), p < 0.01 for all three (Figure S1), indicating that SSS changes represent a larger fraction of the variance in the coral d18Oanomaly signal than SST changes, as expected from the larger magnitude of interannual SSS variations at this site. Testing several different percent contributions of SSS and SST to create the pseudocoral, we determined that a combination of 35% SST and 65% SSS results in the closest representation to the observed coral d18Oanomaly values. This was calculated by creating a pseudocoral that consisted of percent SST/SSS contributions that ranged from 100/0% to 0/100%, in increments of 5% (i.e., 100/0, 95/5, 90/10a€¦ 5/95, 0/100). The pseudocoral consisting of 35/65% gave the highest correlation with the measured d18O time series, which provides the percent contributions of SST and SSS to the time series. This relationship was determined over the period 1970a€“2007, and is limited by the length of the instrumental SSS data set. We assume stationarity in the proportional contributions of SST and SSS to the coral d18O signal because SSS data needed to evaluate this assumption are lacking in the pre- 1970 period. However, the assumption of stationarity of a proxy-instrumental relationship developed over the instrumental time period affects all proxy-based climate reconstructions that extend beyond the instrumental period. Thus, lacking additional instrument data and/or another independent SST- or SSS-only proxy there is no easy way to reduce the uncertainty of the empirically derived proxy relationship over the calibration-verification interval.
coefficient: NA
direction: negative
fraction: 0.22
inferred material: seawater
integration time: 1
integration time basis: Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.
integration time uncertainty: ~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology
integration time uncertainty type: chronological
integration time units: month
mathematical relation: linear
rank: 2
scope: isotope
variable: temperature
variable group: Temperature
variable group direction: negative
variable group original: T_water

coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope

reference: Gorman et al., 2012, 10.1029/2012PA002302

has max value: 0.0834
has mean value: 0.0833
has median value: 0.0833
has min value: 0.0833
units: AD

compilation name: iso2k
compilation version: 0_14_8
compilation version: 0_15_0
compilation version: 1_0_0
compilation version: 1_1_0
compilation version: 1_1_1
compilation version: 1_1_2

coefficient: NA
rank: NA
scope: climate

fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: climate

has max value: 0.0834
has mean value: 0.0833
has median value: 0.0833
has min value: 0.0833
units: AD

coefficient: NA
rank: NA
scope: climate

fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: climate

scope: climate

coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
inferred material: seawater
rank: NA
scope: isotope

coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope

coefficient: NA
fraction: NA
rank: NA
scope: isotope

has max value: 0.0834
has mean value: 0.0833
has median value: 0.0833
has min value: 0.0833
units: AD

version: 1.0.5
last version: 1.0.4
curator: nicholas
timestamp: 2025-04-17 20:03:59.397587 UTC
changes:
  paleo column metadata: year (MAT0c27f07718): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
  paleo column metadata: year (MAT0c27f07718): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'TRUE'
  paleo column metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
  paleo column metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
  paleo column metadata: d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): paleoData_isPrimary: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'
  paleo column metadata: d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): paleoData_primaryAgeColumn: '' has been replaced by 'FALSE'

version: 1.0.4
last version: 1.0.3
curator: nicholas
timestamp: 2025-04-11 16:13:38.31131 UTC
changes:
  paleo interpretation metadata: year (MAT0c27f07718): interpretation1_scope: '' has been replaced by 'climate'
  paleo interpretation metadata: year (MAT0c27f07718): interpretation2_scope: '' has been replaced by 'climate'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_basis: 'We develop and test a transfer function constructed using linear regression analysis of SBV coral d18Oanomaly variations and instrumental SSS over the period 1970?2007 CE [Thirumalai et al., 2011]. We performed a calibration-verification exercise (Figure 6) between d18Oanomaly and SSS at SBV to assess the robustness of the transfer function [Quinn and Sampson, 2002]. The slopes in equations (1)?(3) are within error of each other; however, the intercepts are slightly different. Despite this small difference, the similarity of the lines (Figure S2) provides confidence that the transfer function developed in this study can be used to reconstruct past changes in salinity at this locality based on coral d18O variations. We also note that there is a signal in the residuals, which likely reflects a small temperature component in the coral d18O anomaly signal (Figure 6, bottom), most likely due to the small changes in seasonality over this time period (Figure 4c).' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_coefficient: '1.973' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_direction: 'positive' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_integrationTime: '1' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_integrationTimeBasis: 'Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertainty: '~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'chronological' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_integrationTimeUnits: 'month' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_rank: '1' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_seasonality: 'subannual' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_variable: 'seawaterIsotope' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_variableGroup: 'EffectiveMoisture' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_variableGroupOriginal: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_basis: 'We found that the correlations with d18O are 0.72 (with total pseudocoral), 0.47 (with SST component), and 0.68 (with SSS component), p < 0.01 for all three (Figure S1), indicating that SSS changes represent a larger fraction of the variance in the coral d18Oanomaly signal than SST changes, as expected from the larger magnitude of interannual SSS variations at this site. Testing several different percent contributions of SSS and SST to create the pseudocoral, we determined that a combination of 35% SST and 65% SSS results in the closest representation to the observed coral d18Oanomaly values. This was calculated by creating a pseudocoral that consisted of percent SST/SSS contributions that ranged from 100/0% to 0/100%, in increments of 5% (i.e., 100/0, 95/5, 90/10a€¦ 5/95, 0/100). The pseudocoral consisting of 35/65% gave the highest correlation with the measured d18O time series, which provides the percent contributions of SST and SSS to the time series. This relationship was determined over the period 1970a€“2007, and is limited by the length of the instrumental SSS data set. We assume stationarity in the proportional contributions of SST and SSS to the coral d18O signal because SSS data needed to evaluate this assumption are lacking in the pre- 1970 period. However, the assumption of stationarity of a proxy-instrumental relationship developed over the instrumental time period affects all proxy-based climate reconstructions that extend beyond the instrumental period. Thus, lacking additional instrument data and/or another independent SST- or SSS-only proxy there is no easy way to reduce the uncertainty of the empirically derived proxy relationship over the calibration-verification interval.' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_direction: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_fraction: '0.22' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_integrationTime: '1' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_integrationTimeBasis: 'Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertainty: '~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: 'chronological' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_integrationTimeUnits: 'month' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_mathematicalRelation: 'linear' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_rank: '2' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_variable: 'temperature' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_variableGroup: 'Temperature' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_variableGroupDirection: 'negative' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_variableGroupOriginal: 'T_water' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_basis: '' has been replaced by 'We develop and test a transfer function constructed using linear regression analysis of SBV coral d18Oanomaly variations and instrumental SSS over the period 1970?2007 CE [Thirumalai et al., 2011]. We performed a calibration-verification exercise (Figure 6) between d18Oanomaly and SSS at SBV to assess the robustness of the transfer function [Quinn and Sampson, 2002]. The slopes in equations (1)?(3) are within error of each other; however, the intercepts are slightly different. Despite this small difference, the similarity of the lines (Figure S2) provides confidence that the transfer function developed in this study can be used to reconstruct past changes in salinity at this locality based on coral d18O variations. We also note that there is a signal in the residuals, which likely reflects a small temperature component in the coral d18O anomaly signal (Figure 6, bottom), most likely due to the small changes in seasonality over this time period (Figure 4c).'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_coefficient: '' has been replaced by '1.973'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_direction: '' has been replaced by 'positive'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '1'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'chronological'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'month'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_rank: '' has been replaced by '1'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_seasonality: '' has been replaced by 'subannual'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_variable: '' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'EffectiveMoisture'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation4_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'd18O_seawater'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_basis: '' has been replaced by 'We found that the correlations with d18O are 0.72 (with total pseudocoral), 0.47 (with SST component), and 0.68 (with SSS component), p < 0.01 for all three (Figure S1), indicating that SSS changes represent a larger fraction of the variance in the coral d18Oanomaly signal than SST changes, as expected from the larger magnitude of interannual SSS variations at this site. Testing several different percent contributions of SSS and SST to create the pseudocoral, we determined that a combination of 35% SST and 65% SSS results in the closest representation to the observed coral d18Oanomaly values. This was calculated by creating a pseudocoral that consisted of percent SST/SSS contributions that ranged from 100/0% to 0/100%, in increments of 5% (i.e., 100/0, 95/5, 90/10a€¦ 5/95, 0/100). The pseudocoral consisting of 35/65% gave the highest correlation with the measured d18O time series, which provides the percent contributions of SST and SSS to the time series. This relationship was determined over the period 1970a€“2007, and is limited by the length of the instrumental SSS data set. We assume stationarity in the proportional contributions of SST and SSS to the coral d18O signal because SSS data needed to evaluate this assumption are lacking in the pre- 1970 period. However, the assumption of stationarity of a proxy-instrumental relationship developed over the instrumental time period affects all proxy-based climate reconstructions that extend beyond the instrumental period. Thus, lacking additional instrument data and/or another independent SST- or SSS-only proxy there is no easy way to reduce the uncertainty of the empirically derived proxy relationship over the calibration-verification interval.'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_direction: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_fraction: '' has been replaced by '0.22'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_integrationTime: '' has been replaced by '1'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_integrationTimeBasis: '' has been replaced by 'Geochemical variations versus depth were converted to variations versus time using AnalySeries software [Paillard et al., 1996]. Geochemical variations in d18O were used to determine a first-order age model, with the maximum intra-annual peaks in d18O being assigned as the coldest month of the year (August), beginning with the year 2007, when the living coral was cored. This first-order age model places d18O variations in the time domain, with uneven time increments (Dt). A second-order age model, with a monthly Dt, was created using the AnalySeries software program, which was verified by comparing years with anomalous d18O values to known ENSO events where possible. This second-order age model is the final age model used in all plots and data analysis.'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertainty: '' has been replaced by '~1?2 months in any given year, no errors given for annual chronology'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_integrationTimeUncertaintyType: '' has been replaced by 'chronological'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_integrationTimeUnits: '' has been replaced by 'month'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_mathematicalRelation: '' has been replaced by 'linear'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_rank: '' has been replaced by '2'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_variable: '' has been replaced by 'temperature'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_variableGroup: '' has been replaced by 'Temperature'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_variableGroupDirection: '' has been replaced by 'negative'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation5_variableGroupOriginal: '' has been replaced by 'T_water'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation1_inferredMaterial: 'seawater' has been replaced by ''
  paleo interpretation metadata: d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation1_scope: 'isotope' has been replaced by 'climate'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation2_scope: '' has been replaced by 'climate'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'climate'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation4_inferredMaterial: '' has been replaced by 'seawater'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation5_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): interpretation6_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'

version: 1.0.3
last version: 1.0.2
curator: nicholas
timestamp: 2025-04-09 20:55:45.703249 UTC
notes: Updated lipdverse database entry with a changed file.
changes:
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation1_seasonality: 'not applicable (subannually resolved)' has been replaced by 'subannual'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation1_variable: 'temperature and salinity' has been replaced by 'temperature'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_variable: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_variable: 'T_water' has been replaced by 'temperature'

version: 1.0.2
last version: 1.0.1
curator: nicholas
timestamp: 2025-04-09 17:37:32.64535 UTC
notes: Changes made as part of LiPDverse vocabulary standardization process
changes:
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation1_seasonality: 'not applicable (subannually resolved)' has been replaced by 'subannual'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation1_variable: 'temperature and salinity' has been replaced by 'temperature'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation2_variable: 'd18O_seawater' has been replaced by 'seawaterIsotope'
  paleo interpretation metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): interpretation3_variable: 'T_water' has been replaced by 'temperature'

version: 1.0.1
last version: 1.0.0
curator: nicholas
timestamp: 2025-04-08 17:30:24.751031 UTC
notes: Changes made as part of LiPDverse vocabulary standardization process
changes:
  paleo column metadata: year (MAT0c27f07718): paleoData_units: 'AD' has been replaced by 'yr AD'
  paleo column metadata: year (MAT0c27f07718): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
  paleo column metadata: d18O (Ocean2kHR_154): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'
  paleo column metadata: d13C (Ocean2kHR_155): paleoData_longName: '' has been replaced by 'AD'

A coral-based reconstruction of sea surface salinity at Sabine Bank, Vanuatu from 1842 to 2007 CE
author:
  name: Gorman, Meaghan K. , Quinn, Terrence M. , Taylor, Frederick W. , Partin, Judson W. , Cabioch, Guy , Austin, James A. , Pelletier, Bernard , Ballu, Vali¿½rie , Maes, Christophe , Saustrup, Steffen
citation: Gorman, M. K., Quinn, T. M., Taylor, F. W., Partin, J. W., Cabioch, G., Austin, J. A., Pelletier, B., Ballu, V., Maes, C. and Saustrup, S.: A coral-based reconstruction of sea surface salinity at Sabine Bank, Vanuatu from 1842 to 2007 CE, Paleoceanography, 27(3), n/a–n/a, doi:10.1029/2012pa002302, 2012.
cite key: gorman2012a
data url: doi.org
doi: 10.1029/2012PA002302
issue: 3
journal: Paleoceanography
pages: n/a-n/a
publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
type: article
volume: 27
year: 2012

Ocean2kHR-PacificGorman2012Vanuatu
author:
  name: Tierney, Jessica E. , Abram, Nerilie J. , Anchukaitis, Kevin J. , Evans, Michael N. , Giry, Cyril , Kilbourne, K. Halimeda , Saenger, Casey P. , Wu, Henry C. , Zinke, Jens
citation: Tierney, J. E., Abram, N. J., Anchukaitis, K. J., Evans, M. N., Giry, C., Kilbourne, K. H., Saenger, C. P., Wu, H. C. and Zinke, J.: Tropical sea surface temperatures for the past four centuries reconstructed from coral archives, Paleoceanography, 30(3), 226–252, doi:10.1002/2014pa002717, 2015.
doi: 10.1002/2014PA002717
institution: World Data Center for Paleoclimatology
type: dataCitation
url: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13439
year: 2015

longitude: 166.04
latitude: -15.94
elevation: -8
geometry type: Point
ocean: Pacific
pages2k region: Ocean
site name: Vanuatu