However, the long-term trends in the raw d18O and Sr/Ca data provide a strong indication that the ocean surface waters near Bermuda were fresher during the LIA, even if we cannot quantitatively partition the temperature and salinity signals. Over the course of the 200-year record, long-term trends in mean annual and wintertime dOc (0.0003%/a and < 0.0001%/a, respectively) are effectively flat (Figures 4a and 4b). If dOc were purely a result of SST, and SST is increasing through time, a strong negative trend would be visible in the dOc records [McConnaughey, 1989a, 1989b].

we show that with the present coral record and relatively short calibration data set, we are unable to derive a robust, statistically significant separation of the salinity and temperature signals within the coral d18O.

There are several factors that may prevent the quantification of these relationships, the most likely being the lack of large changes in SSS documented in the instrumental data. Over the length of the Hydrostation S record, salinity (mean annual and winter) has a range of only 0.3 psu, too small to establish a significant relationship for these proxies, given representation error (noise) in the coral and instrumental records.

Goodkin, Nathalie F. | Goodkin, Nathalie F. | Ocean2k

Bermuda coral Sr/Ca and d18O Data 1781-1998

d18O (Ocean2kHR_094): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_095): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
Sr/Ca (Ocean2kHR_095): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'

Column 'addRc62iqyrzEE8JyUhS', with variable name 'yearEnsemble', was added to the dataset
Column 'addRiTXwfyqgtAh97Zej', with variable name 'yearEnsemble', was added to the dataset

Goodkin, Nathalie F. , Hughen, Konrad A. , Doney, Scott C. , Curry, William B.

Goodkin, N. F., Hughen, K. A., Doney, S. C. and Curry, W. B.: Increased multidecadal variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation since 1781, Nature Geoscience, 1(12), 844–848, doi:10.1038/ngeo352, 2008.