the relationship between temperature and isotopic composition results from a mixing of different types of precipitation that varies with temperature.

variations in winter temperature in the Alps

Tuning delivers a high correlation between y18O in SPA 12 and D14C (r =0.61). The maxima of d18O coincide with solar minima (Dalton, Maunder, Sporer, Wolf, as well as with minima at around AD 700, 500 and 300).

0.22permil change in d18O per each degree C change

Mangini, A., Spoetl, C. and Verdes, P.: Reconstruction of temperature in the Central Alps during the past 2000 yr from a δ18O stalagmite record, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 235(3-4), 741–751, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.010, 2005.

d18O (SP05MAAT01A): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'

statistically significant positive covariation between d18O and d13C (r=0.55,n=103, p<0.01)

The four diverse proxies attained extreme values ca. 4.1?3.8 ka, which corresponds to an interval of reduced moisture  reaching the cave interior."   "A simultaneous reduction in rainfall across the Mediterranean and the northern sector of the Middle East is actually consistent with a positive NAO phase (Cullen and deMenocal, 2000; Hurrell et al., 2003)."

Variations in NAO (related to the amount of rainfall. Season not specified)

Drysdale, R., Zanchetta, G., Hellstrom, J., Maas, R., Fallick, A., Pickett, M., Cartwright, I. and Piccini, L.: Late Holocene drought responsible for the collapse of Old World civilizations is recorded in an Italian cave flowstone, Geology, 34(2), 101, doi:10.1130/g22103.1, 2006.

d18O (SP06DRIT01A): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (SP06DRIT01A): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'

The analyses were performed in two locations: (1) Institute of Earth Environment, Xi?an, China and (2) the Minnesota Isotope Laboratory, Minneapolis, USA. Both locations use a Finnigan-MAT 252 mass spectrometer fitted with a Kiel Carbonate Device III.

Replicates results from another sample from ~200 m away