VG Prism II mass spectrometer connected to an Autocarb device for reaction of powdered carbonate with 100% H3PO4 at 90�C

0.15 per mil for d18O and 0.1 per mil for d13C

isotopic equilibrium among rainfall and groundwater data

LCB: Missing age/year. See plot; BM (14/03/2019) info sent using GitHub; TP: broken DOI; Time-scale missing; elevation estimated from Google Earth

The amount of rainfall can be viewed as an indicator of the monsoon strength since the active period of the summer monsoon closely coincides with the rainy season in China. d18O in the speleothem reflects the amount of rainfall at short time scales (less than 10 years) but temperature trends (at larger time scales)

Based on classic papers (Dansgaard 1964; Rozanski et al 1993)

210Pb, 14C age model and extrapolation of acumulation rate

Ku, T. L., and Li, H. C.: Speleothems as high-resolution paleoenvironment archives: Records from northeastern China, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences, 107, 321-330, 10.1007/BF02841598, 1998.

d18O (SP98KUCN01A): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'

LCB(29/03/2019): one record covers the entire last 2k. should be the primary; TP: broken DOI; site elevation estimated from Google Earth

present day CO2 partial pressure is constant year-round and active steam flow in the cave maintains 100% humidity

Changes in the vegetation related to changes in rainfall amount lead to variation of d13C

Cool weather precipiation is depleted in d18O compared to warm weather precipitation.

Denniston, R. F., Gonzalez, L. A., Asmerom, Y., Baker, R. G., Reagan, M. K. and Bettis, E. A.: Evidence for increased cool season moisture during the middle Holocene, Geology, 27(9), 815, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0815:eficsm>2.3.co;2, 1999.

d18O (SP99DEUS01A): interpretation2_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (SP99DEUS01A): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d13C (SP99DEUS01A_d13C): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d13C (SP99DEUS01A_d13C): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (SP99DEUS02A): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (SP99DEUS02A): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d13C (SP99DEUS02A_d13C): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d13C (SP99DEUS02A_d13C): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (SP99DEUS03A): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (SP99DEUS03A): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d13C (SP99DEUS03A_d13C): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d13C (SP99DEUS03A_d13C): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'