The oxygen fractionation between these modern straw stalactites and the average drip water corresponds to the equilibrium fractionation calculated from the O?Neil et al. (1969) calcite?water calibration at cave temperatures of 16�C (Peqiin) and 18�C (Soreq).

Analytical uncertainty of U234_U238 ratio

Th230_U234 ratio from alpha spectrometry

Analytical uncertainty of Th230_U234 ratio

Th232_Th230 ratio from alpha spectrometry

Analytical uncertainty of The232_Th230 ratio

Bar-Matthews, M. , Ayalon, A. , Gilmour, M. , Matthews, A. , Hawkesworth, C. J.

Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Gilmour, M., Matthews, A. and Hawkesworth, C. J.: Sea–land oxygen isotopic relationships from planktonic foraminifera and speleothems in the Eastern Mediterranean region and their implication for paleorainfall during interglacial intervals, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(17), 3181–3199, doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01031-1, 2003.

Bar-Matthews, M. , Ayalon, A. , Kaufman, A.

Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A. and Kaufman, A.: Late Quaternary Paleoclimate in the Eastern Mediterranean Region from Stable Isotope Analysis of Speleothems at Soreq Cave, Israel, Quaternary Research, 47(2), 155–168, doi:10.1006/qres.1997.1883, 1997.

d18O (SP03BMIL01A): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d18O (SP03BMIL01A): interpretation4_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d13C (SP03BMIL01A_d13C): interpretation2_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'
d13C (SP03BMIL01A_d13C): interpretation3_scope: '' has been replaced by 'isotope'

modified dental drill with 500 micro meter diameter drill bit, sampling at 1-3 mm intervals

repetition test comparing stable isotopic records from 3 cave sites (Cold Water Cave, Cresco, Iowa; Mystery Cave, Wykoff, Minnesota; Spring Valley Cave, Spring Valley, Monnesota), similar stable isotopic signals of the records indicate that they reflect environmental rather than kinetic effects.

known effects of photosynthesis pathways used by plants on the d13C of soil CO2 and of evaporation on soil water d18O